Medicine Through Time Mind Map (GCSE)

Hippocrates' theory, developed by Galen: illness came from an imbalance of blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. Treatments included bloodletting, purging and Galen's theory of opposites.

Many believed illness was a punishment from God, so people prayed and went on pilgrimages. The Church controlled medical training and promoted Galen's ideas, which discouraged new thinking.

The belief that disease was spread by bad air from rotting matter, so people carried sweet-smelling herbs.

Arrived in 1348 and killed between a third and a half of England's population. People blamed God, miasma and the planets; treatments included prayer, flagellants whipping themselves, and bloodletting.

Physicians, apothecaries and barber-surgeons treated the sick. Monasteries and hospitals, run by the Church, cared for people rather than cured them.

His book The Fabric of the Human Body (1543) used dissection to correct Galen's mistakes about anatomy.

Showed in 1628 that the heart pumps blood around the body in a circulation, disproving Galen's idea that blood was constantly made and used up.

The printing press spread new ideas quickly. The Royal Society, founded in 1660, encouraged scientific experiments.

In 1665, the government and London authorities took more action than in 1348: searchers found the dead, infected houses were shut up for 40 days, and cats and dogs were killed. Treatments had changed little.

Ambroise Paré (AQA) used ligatures and a soothing ointment on wounds instead of hot oil. Thomas Sydenham (Edexcel) diagnosed by observing symptoms carefully.

In 1796, Edward Jenner used cowpox to protect against smallpox, the first vaccination. It was made compulsory in 1853.

Louis Pasteur published germ theory in 1861, showing microbes cause decay. Robert Koch identified the bacteria behind specific diseases, such as tuberculosis (1882) and cholera (1883).

Pain: James Simpson used chloroform as an anaesthetic (1847). Infection: Joseph Lister used carbolic acid as an antiseptic (1867). Later came aseptic surgery.

Improved hygiene in army hospitals during the Crimean War and opened a nursing school at St Thomas' Hospital in 1860, making nursing a trained profession.

John Snow linked cholera to a water pump on Broad Street (1854). After the Great Stink of 1858, Bazalgette built London's sewers. The 1875 Public Health Act made councils provide clean water and sewers.

Paul Ehrlich's team found Salvarsan 606 (1909), a chemical cure for syphilis, the first magic bullet.

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928. Howard Florey and Ernst Chain developed it into a medicine, and the Second World War drove mass production in the 1940s.

After the Beveridge Report (1942), the NHS launched in 1948, led by Aneurin Bevan: healthcare free at the point of use for everyone.

X-rays, blood transfusions, transplants and the discovery of the structure of DNA (Crick and Watson, 1953, using Rosalind Franklin's work) transformed diagnosis and treatment.

Research in 1950 linked smoking to lung cancer. Governments now campaign against smoking, poor diet and lack of exercise.

People such as Vesalius, Jenner, Pasteur and Fleming made key breakthroughs, but usually needed other factors to succeed.

Microscopes, printing, X-rays and laboratories made new discoveries possible.

From plague orders to the Public Health Act and the NHS, government action spread improvements to everyone.

War sped up surgery, blood transfusions and the production of penicillin.

The Church held back new ideas in medieval times, and public resistance slowed some changes, such as vaccination.

Wet, cold and crowded trenches caused trench foot, trench fever and shell shock. Wounds came from shrapnel, bullets and gas attacks.

Stretcher bearers took the wounded to a Regimental Aid Post, then a Dressing Station, a Casualty Clearing Station and base hospitals, staffed by the RAMC and nurses.

Mobile X-ray units, the Thomas splint for broken legs, which cut deaths from leg fractures, and stored blood: a blood bank was used at the Battle of Cambrai in 1917.

Be ready to judge how useful sources such as army records, photographs and diaries are, and how to follow up a question with a further source.